Essay about Jamaican Patois - 4705 Words

Jamaican Patois Jamaican Patois, otherwise known as Patwa, Afro. Jamaican, just plain Jamaican or, Creole, is a language that has been until quite recently referred to asungrammatical English.(Adams, 199 1, p . I 1) Creole languages are actually not unique to Jamaica, they are found on every continent although their speakers often do not realize what they are. The rest of the terms refer strictly to Jamaican Creole. Creoles are languages that usually form as the result of some human upheaval which makes it impossible for people to use their own languages to communicate. What people often refer to as the bad or broken-English of Jamaica are actually local Creoles that usually come about through a situation of partial language†¦show more content†¦They looked down on the newly arrived African slaves who spoke their indigenous tongues. To this day there is a strong awareness, even among those at the bottom of the social scale, of the difference between the city and country, especially the remote hill settlements.Bungo talk,is the term placed on the old-fashioned expressions and turn of phrase. The debate surrounding the use of Patois as opposed to Standard English includes a number of issues and dates back to the times of slavery when Jamaicans had Standard English presented as a superior language and the indigenous language was denigrated to an inferior status. Today, more than 90% of the 2.5 million people in Jamaica are descendants of slaves brought from western Africa by the British. English is the official language but, Patois is the local language and still holds its African roots (Pryce, 1997, p.238-9) Most people in Jamaican are somewhere along the continuum between speaking British Standard English and, the local Patois. There is a great deal of linguistic flexibility, depending upon who someone is speaking with, meaning, a Jamaican would probably use different language when speaking withShow MoreRelated Jamaican Patois and the Power of Language in Reggae Music Essay4989 Words   |  20 PagesJamaican Patois and the Power of Language in Reggae Music Introduction Creole languages are found all over the world on every continent. When two or more languages come into contact to form a new language a Creole language is born. Some type of human upheaval that forces people to find a way to communicate, without using their own languages, stimulates the creation of a Creole language. In the case of Creole languages in the Caribbean, the upheaval is the past history of slavery. Most CreoleRead MoreThe Unique Language of Jamaica887 Words   |  3 Pagessaid that Jamaicans have a unique language. Some may say Jamaicans do not have a language of their own. Jamaicans official language however is Standard English. However there has been much confusion in the language we speak because we sometimes or often times speak in what is called Patois, Creole or even Ungrammatical English. This however is not considered a language. Patois is not a native language, it is a second language. Patois is a combination of English and African languages. Patois howeverRead MoreThe English Language Examination Tests1848 Words   |  8 Pagesfavourable, again the report revealed the at there was a ‘serious issue of a lack of understanding of sentence structure’ and formatting. The report also revealed that there was a significant amount of ‘interference from the local creoles/dialects (patois) on the Standard English of a large number of candidates’(2013, 2012) affecting areas such as ‘non-marking of past tense, weak spelling and the use of pronouns’ (ibid, 2013). CXC (ibid) reports that most candidates ‘have not mastered the use ofRead More Comparing the History and Culture of The United States and Jamaica 1380 Words   |  6 Pageslegislative branch is a bicameral Parliament made up of twenty one appointed senators and sixty elected representatives. Lastly, the judicial branch consists of the Court of Appeal and the courts of original jurisdiction (Jamaica) In spite of this, the Jamaican government does not have to govern as many people as the United States’ government is obliged to. The entire country of Jamaica has an area merely of about 4,244 square miles and a population of approximately 2,825,928, with the most populous cityRead MoreThe Cultural and Human Elements of the Great Bob Marley’s Music1054 Words   |  5 Pagesand sung in Patois, an English Dialect spoken in the British Caribbean, mainly in the island of Jamaica. This human and cultural element of language is culture specific to the island of Jamaica since humans diffused and collaborated various languages to form the dialect of Patois. In a 1975 interview by Karl Dallas with Bob Marley, he stated, No, he cant unnerstand that, he says in an aside to Taylor. Thats a patois. Its not straight English you can write. Sometimes we sing in patois. I believeRead MoreCulture Analysis : Jamaica. Jamaica1394 Words   |  6 Pagesrural areas speak patois. Patois is a creole dialect with West African, Spanish, and French elements. The language today reflects the history of the country and its interaction with diverse mixture of cultures from many ethnic, and social backgrounds. The local language is a reflection of a history of contact with variety of speakers, but the official language remains to be standard English (Pryce, 1997). However many Jamaicans feel that if they devalue their native language of patois, then they areRead MoreLanguage As A New Trending Phenomenon2293 Words   |  10 Pagesof mine is patois. A language that originates from a rich history and is only truly spoken by the people of its original country, Jamaica. This country now has of 2.7 million people and is one of the most recognized compared to other islands in the Caribbean. A part of that comes from the language spoken in Jamaica. It gives the Jamaican culture a distinguishable aspect from many others. The language was developed in Jamaica when slaves where brought from Africa to the island. Patois started asRead MorePop Queen Rihann An Overview1405 Words   |  6 PagesBraithwaite (PartyNextDoor) a Jamaican native, Rihanna and Drake. It was also produced by a Jamaican Canadian named known as Matthew Samuels (Boi-1da), Allen Ritter and Sevn Thomas. Allowing her to be a widely_____. Inspired and sampled by a dancehall genre, â€Å"Work† by Rihanna is a love-related emotional song due to the standardized structure that has a repetitive baby talk, and glamour that brings in the commodity. However, â€Å"Work† is not speaking gibberish but Jamaican Patois. The song uses several instrumentRead MoreMy Roller Coaster Of My Life1078 Words   |  5 Pagesboth Standard English, and Patois, the language spoken by most Jamaicans. Here in the United States, speaking Patois made me different and an outsider. From personal experience, having a second language and an accent tends to result in frustration of not being understood and the feeling of stupidity when I am unable to correctly pronounce words like the people of the region. It was important for me to be able to be understood. In Jamaica, people equate speaking Patois to aggressiveness and beingRead MoreMy Life Is A Coaster Inside Of A Maze889 Words   |  4 Pagesfluent in both Standard English, and Patois, the language spoken by most Jamaicans. Here in the United States, speaking Patois made me different and an outsider. From personal experience, having a second language and an accent tend to result in frustration of not being understood and the feeling of stupidity when I am unable to correctly pronounce words like the people of the region. It was important for me to be able to be understood. In Jamaica, speaking Patois is equivalent to aggressiveness and

Art Three Main Types Free Essays

Art: Representational, Abstract, and Nonrepresentational Art is a way to expression a memory, idea, and/or emotion. Art can come from the mind or you can draw it from another source such as media or nature. Art has very different meanings and attempts to get across to other in different ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Art Three Main Types or any similar topic only for you Order Now Art is virtually endless. Art can be be altered to look how the artist wants to make it appear or it can be made to look exactly as it appears in reality  . It is up to the artist to make the image as they desire. Artists usually do so by finding a type of art they are comfortable with doing. Some artists do not like to make art that looks like anything someone has seen before. There are hundreds of different categories of art. Those categories can fall into one of three main types. The three main types in which a piece of art can fall under are representational, abstract, and nonrepresentational. Representational art is art in which the artist attempts to capture the image exactly as it appears. There are several different subcategories that fall under this such as realism and art made during the Renaissance. Artist who tend to make representational art usually are geared to think logically and analytically. Representational art contrasts with abstract art and nonrepresentational art. For instanse the Mona Lisa done by Leonardo Da Vinci is a work of representational art. It is a potrait done in oil to capture the image of Lisa Gherardini. Other works done by Leonardo Da Vinci are also representational. The picture captures what the artist sees in reality rather then what the artist want’s to exaggerate upon. When trying to steer away from physical realities abstract art tends to cover the spectrum of emotions with shapes and lines. This art can vary on whether it contains things that are representation and things that are entirely nonrepresentational. This category of art is everything that falls in between representational art and nonrepresentational art. A great example would be just about any work done by Pablo Piccaso. Cubism is a sub form of abstract art, which is a type of art that Pablo Piccaso is known for. Cubism is when the artist uses geometric shapes to define their work of art in place of the natural organic shapes which would normally be made in representational art. However since the work still has some representation it is not entirely nonrepresentational which lands it in the abstract category. Art that makes no attempt to identify or represent something is called nonrepresentational art. This art does not depict any beings, places or things in the natural world. It is very much like abstract however there are absolutely no representations within this type of art. While the art is not intended to represent anything it usually appeals to emotions with the tone of colors and the way the artist uses their media. An example of this can be expressionism. However this type of art is tricky. Expressionism can also fall under the category of abstract. Since abstract and nonrepresentational art can be closely related it is also easy to confuse the two. While expressionism shows a strong sense of emotions it can also have some representational items within it which allows it to fall into one of the two categories. Representational art can never be expressionism. Fighting Forms by Franz Marc is a good example of expressionistic nonrepresentational art. The artist makes a work from their desired media in order to produce an image or images they want to see in the world rather then allow it to remain in their head for no one to see. An artist usually uses a type of art that they can best relate to. There are sever different types of art to choose from but they all fall into one of three categories. Out of all the different categories of art all of them fall into three different types. They are representational, abstract, or nonrepresentational. How to cite Art Three Main Types, Essay examples

Public Broadcasting Television Networks Free Sample for Students

Question: Discuss the Ways in which the Major Television Networks have tried to stop Audience Erosion over the years Without much Success. What should they do? Answer: Mass communication is the study of transfer of information to a large targeted population at the same time. Audience erosion is the process in which a media companys viewership reduces as days go by. The popular channels that are used in mass communication include: television, radio, newspapers, cinemas and online media (Rowland 1994, p. 6). Online media include use of websites, social media and even YouTube. Blogs have also been used to enhance communication of information over vast number of persons. Role of public broadcasting Public broadcasting television networks are media houses that are ran on tax payers money. They function mainly in providing relevant information about the culture of people, education and entertainment and importantly, inform the general public on the events taking place within its area of service. Public broadcasting functions as a mouth piece of the government. It gives the provision of airing government functions, religious and political functions too. They should not be advert driven as they are financed by the government (Indrajit 2006, p. 15). However, majority have focused on the adverts and led to diversion of their role in content delivery. Media houses have tried to stop audience erosion over the years of operation. They used various strategies to prevent audience erosion by introducing programs that are enticing hence increasing the viewership. The movies that they decide to air determine the audience that is targeted. They have used personalities that are deemed to be influential. The persons strive to impact the viewership by their unique anchorage skills (Jan 2003, p. 72). This includes the type of interviews that they are able to host, their fluency in the English language and their unique voices. Media houses have strived to reduce the rate of erosion by introduction of questions that the audience participates and wins. This factor has been advantageous as they are able to generate revenue and also reward some of their viewers. Airing of various programs has been used to impact the viewership of the media company. The programs being aired consider the age, sex, race and culture of persons. Programs that are not i n accordance with the culture of some people will lead to audience erosion. Programs that are discriminatory and show tribalism or racism have also led to decreased viewership. Timing of the programs and news by various media companies has impacted the viewership by the audience. Improper timing has led to audience erosion. The media houses have to consider the timing as it contributes to the number of viewers it receives (David 2008, p. 13). If the timing is not favorable, many people that were targeted will miss out and thus will lead to audience erosion. Media houses have tried to stop audience erosion by introduction of customer care. The customer care is in charge of determining the needs of the viewers. This task enables them to prepare content that is able to increase the viewership and thus increasing the generation of revenue (Cess 1994, p. 30). Major television networks have tried to reduce erosion of their viewers but have not been successful. Lack of innovative ideas has led to erosion of the audience. This has been facilitated by poor market research that fails to determine the interests of the viewers. Long routines of similar scripts have also led to erosion of the target audience. Certain programs are aired for a relatively long period of time (Stanley 2008, p. 71). This has led to the audience being able to determine the predictability and some loose interest watching them. Predictability erodes the audience of many television networks. Internet has also made the erosion by the media houses to increase. Majority of the programs being aired by the media houses can be easily accessed over in the internet. This leads to reduced viewership as the content is readily available to those that seek it (Anthony 1992, p. 163). BBC has suffered audience erosion due to the effect that was brought about by lack of innovative sched uling. Being a current affair television network, it suffered major setbacks that led to it is erosion of the audience. Lack of diversity affected it greatly. Negative scandals that affected the top personalities that worked with BBC led to erosion of the viewers. BBC failed to target the youth as it had barely no program that was youth oriented (Simon 2012, p. 39). Media / television networks can prevent audience erosion by determining the correct platform. This includes determining the interests of the audience. The choices that are available help in determining what is to be aired. Marketers ought to do research on daily basis so as to determine the content that the audience needs. This helps in preparation of content that is tailored to the specifications of the viewers. Increased engagement with the audience will led to reduction of audience erosion (Nancy 2015, p. 158). This functions to determine their wants. Utilization of social media in communication has its disadvantages in determining the needs of the audience. A covered approach will fail to determine the needs of the audience. Proper communication and feedback to the clients will help in knowing their needs. The television networks have to know the content that their viewers are interested in. media houses that have the content that their viewers needed have an easy time with increased viewership and increased revenue. Media companies that answer the questions of their clients are able to prevent audience erosion. This can be achieved by developing strategies and programs that meet their needs. Having proper insight on the content that is required favors the media industry to prevent erosion. This can be achieved through extensive research on the current landscape that is appealing to the audience. The accurateness of the content enables the audience to remain glued to the television (Indrajit 2008, p. 113). The television networks ought to give alternatives to what the other television companies are offering. This will bring about diversity and thus increasing the viewership. Television networks can prevent erosion by offering a little more than what was offered by other companies. This can be achieved by airing documentaries that have behind the scenes that enable the audience have a better picture of what really happened. Engaging with the viewers online will enable the attention being paid by the audience to increase. This increases the prospects of advertisers and thus increasing the generation of revenue. The internet has come in handy to provide much relevant information within a short period of time. The swiftness of getting tailored information has impacted the erosion of the audience. Television networks can utilize this platform by developing a website that is able to fragment the various news that is being aired so that the audience has an option of choosing what to watch. They can achieve this by having a section of previews of the various content owned by the television company. Media companies that run blogs have to dedicate much of their time in ensuring that the articles being published are true and not merely rumors (Sherwyn 2006, p. 54). This means that the articles have to be insightful and accurate in their reporting. Consistency and reliability is very crucial I the television indus try. Major television networks have achieved the reliability aspect on delivering various news and programs within the said time. However, consistency of the content being delivered at times is compromised. Media houses have to be consistent in the content being aired. They have to consider the demands of the viewers so as to prevent erosion of the audience. The television networks have to be social. Socializing is a two way process. The television companies enable us to socialize by their entertainment. They should also engage with the audience for feedback (Anders 1998, p. 181). The information gathered from the feedback has the ability to determine the necessary adjustments to be made. Audience erosion is brought about by change in times and with the availability of digital media, many television companies have experienced audience erosion. Mass communication entails having a wide and vast network. There are local media companies and international media companies. International media companies such as BBC and CNN have also faced audience erosion in the recent times. Reduced viewership has affected them due to lack of innovation to adopt to the changes in the media industry. The target audience ought to be heterogeneous. The local and international media houses ought to incorporate all persons (Don 2016, p. 75). They have to consider the differences of gender, age, religion, culture and race. Failure in consideration of the interests of all the above groups leads to audience erosion. Ability to avoid discrimination. Media houses should function without biasness. If the audience view that the houses are discriminating against other persons, there is a possibility of audience erosion. Media houses ought to maintain professionalism when communicating to their audience. Media houses ought to listen to the feedback that is received from their audience. Reduced or no feedback means that the viewership of the media house has reduced or the number of people watching is significantly low. Mass communication has to incorporate intermediary channels in the transmission of information. The intermediary channels include newspapers, televisions or newspapers. Cinemas can also be used in the circulation of information. Media companies have to communicate to the public for the awareness purposes. This serves to communicate to the public on the availability of the media houses. This will help in increasing their target audience. Marketing of the media houses can be done through newspapers, radio, television, posters and online. Media houses ought to know that the audience have a variety to choose from. The programs that are aired in various media houses have a target audience. Insensitivity of the media to consider the needs of the general public will lead to erosion of audience (Arthur 1995, p. 48). Media houses ought to use attractive personalities to increase viewership of the media house. CNN has used great personalities that contribute to increased viewership. People like Zain Asher, Jim Acosta, Shahira Amin, Becky Anderson and Peter Arnett have contributed a great deal in increasing the viewership. Media personalities should try and be relevant and have the professionalism in them. Lack of prop er communication will lead to audience erosion. Equipment used to achieve information transfer to the target audience has to be of the latest technology. Utilization of old and not up to date technology will lead to audience erosion. The equipment being used ought to be attractive in terms of the clarity of images and sound. Poor sound and image quality will lead to decreased viewership. Media companies have to be rapid in the transfer of information from the source to the target audience. Communication of stale news leads to audience erosion as the audience will have viewed or listened it from other channels (Michael 1992, p. 179). Strategies to address erosion by TV stations. Erosion that occurs in television networks can be prevented by ensuring that the content being aired is what is expected by the targeted audience. The television media companies e.g. BBC, CNN, ABC and Mediacorps can prevent audience erosion by ensuring that the content being aired is the one that was requested by the audience. Media houses should do proper timing to ensure that majority of the programs being aired are able to reach the targeted audience. This functions to incorporate all the age groups in their viewership (Khalil 2006, p. 312). The television networks are expected to use personalities that are able to pull the viewership from the targeted audience. This can be achieved by utilizing celebrities to co-host certain shows. Reduced advertisements during major programs will help reduce the rate of erosion. Majority of the viewers get bored when local television networks run advertisements for a relatively long period of time. Adequate socialization between the viewers and the television networks will help in reducing the rate of erosion (Pippa 2002, p. 171). Introduction of diversity within the television networks will help in preventing reduction in the number of viewers that stop watching. This can be achieved by incorporating the various cultures within a particular region. Introduction of online programing. This can be achieved through ensuring that all programs that are aired can be uploaded to the website where it can be accessed easily. Media companies can also strive to offer an alternative to what the other media companies are offering (Gary 2011, p. 68). This serves to introduce the uniqueness and thus maintaining the viewership. Alternative content can involve offering behind the scenes of various programs that are being aired, documentaries that encourage the diversity in the society and informative content that promotes the local talent e.g. art. Credibility and reliability of the information being aired also affects the viewership. The more reliable a media house is the more the viewership. Digitalization of the content bei ng aired increases the targeted audience. Digital media has the capability of reaching more persons than those that can be reached over television broadcasting (Thomas 1994, p. 32). Televisions that are grappling with the issue of audience erosion include: Aljazeera, BBC, CNN, ABC and NBC. This media houses have been affected by audience erosion since they lack diversity. Change in demography impacts the television networks. Demography entails the statistical changes that occur within a population due to birth, death or migration. Migration can be into and out of the country and thus affecting the structure of the audience. Demographical changes in the media industry are expected and thus proper mitigation strategies ought to be drafted. The policies will entail the roles that the researchers will undertake so as to determine the appropriate content is viewed by the targeted audience. With demographical changes, new opportunities are presented which lead to the growth of the television networking (Francesco 2013, p. 94). Jamie Saville worked with the BBC for a long period of time. It came to the limelight that he had abused children by sexually molesting them. This happened as he carried out his charity work and other assaults happened in the BBC premises. He utilized his fame as a media personality while he hosted his shows such as top of the pops and clunk, clink. The allegations were brought forward after his death. The management of BBC during his tenure had learnt of his alleged actions but never took any action. A report on the conduct of Jamie Saville was prepared but the management refused to air it (Bowcott 2012, 3). The credibility of BBC had been compromised and since the allegations were proven to be true, the company suffered from audience erosion. Jamie Saville scandal led to the decrease of the ratings of the company. Brian Sewell was a media personality who was known for his strong criticism of art. In the media, Brian came to the lime light due to his controversial statements against the females. He never compared females as equal personalities in the art industry. He had a strong opinion and he was known by the insults that he used against the general public. Brian provided many voice recordings for many commercials. Brian served as an art critic in the Tatler magazine having been employed by Tina Brown. He won various awards from George Orwells prize for his contribution to the Evening Standard. He championed for art and claimed that exhibitions should not be held at the Baltic center but should be hosted in a more complex audience. He was credited having worked in various programs. Among his memorable works are: The works, the missing masterpiece done in the year 1996 and the great story ever sold as he worked as an art critic in BBC in the year 2006. Media personalities should refrain from i ssuance of strong words that discriminate against other persons (Townson university website, 2017). Change in programing Proper scheduling in television networks helps the media houses to capture the vital times that their targeted audience are able to tune in. This can be achieved by considering the times that the audience is free. Program scheduling can be done considering the age of the targeted audience, content availability and demand. Programs can be prepared that are youth oriented. Such programs function to motivate and help them gain better morals. Youth oriented programs consider the age of the viewers (Charles 1990, p. 54). The youth are targeted as they are the ready consumers of information. Adverts that run in youth programs have a seventy percent market compared to the other age groups. Change in programing must also focus on the visual aspect of the media company. Utilization of up to date technology helps in pulling a ready audience. This can be achieved by utilizing modern graphics, better sound systems and better clarity cameras. This factor entails modernizing the media house so as to embrace the latest technological changes. Digitalization helps in growing the audience. With the digital development, many people are better equipped with smart phones that enable them to access the content online. Failure to digitalize a television network hampers the growth of the viewership. Digitalized media is able to reach a vast population all over the world. Political alignments have led to the reliability of various media houses to be compromised. The media houses should act as a neutral ground for all the stakeholders. This factor contributes to the erosion of audience. Television networks such as BBC, CNN, ABC and NBC ought to act as neutral players. Persons who are of the divergent opinion are likely to move and watch alternative television networks as they feel better placed. The above companies being reputable current affairs television providers should strive to prevent alignment on political differences. Diversity in a television network helps to cater for the general public. The situation that was at BBC sometimes back had led it to lose viewership by it is members. Incorporating other members in the media industry helps the viewers to have a sense of ownership (Clint 1995, p. 93). This is because the diversity will be able to cater for the needs of the other cultures. BBC, CNN, Aljazeera etcetera should embrace diversity so that they are able to document better documentaries on the way of life of other persons. References Anders Hansen, 1998.Mass Communication Research Methods. First Edition Edition. NYU Press Anthony J. Ferri, 1992.Teaching Mass Communication: A Guide to Better Instruction (Media and Communications; 34). Edition. Praeger. Arthur Asa Berger, 1995.Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. 1 Edition. SAGE Publications, In Bowcott Owen, 2012. The Guardian. London Cees J. Hamelink, 1994.Mass Communication Research: On Problems and Policies (Communication and Information Science). Edition. Praeger Charles K. Atkin, Lawrence Wallack-1990.Mass Communication and Public Health: Complexities and Conflicts (SAGE Focus Editions). 1 Edition. SAGE Publications, Inc Clint C. Wilson, 1995.Race, Multiculturalism, and the Media: From Mass to Class Communication. 2nd Edition. SAGE Publications, Inc. David W. Park, Jefferson Pooley - 2008.The History of Media and Communication Research: Contested Memories. 1st New edition Edition. Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers. Don W. Stacks PhD, 2016.Primer of Public Relations Research, Third Edition. 3 Edition. The Guilford Press Francesco C. Billari, Alexia Prskawetz - 2013.Agent-Based Computational Demography: Using Simulation to Improve Our Understanding of Demographic Behaviour (Contributions to Economics). 2003 Edition. Physica. Gary S. Messinger, 2011.The Battle for the Mind: War and Peace in the Era of Mass Communication. Edition. University of Massachusetts Press Indrajit Banerjee Kalinga Seneviratne, 2006.Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Globalization. 1st Edition. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre and Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Indrajit Banerjee, 2008.Asian Communication Handbook 2008. Edition. Asian Media Information Communication Centre (AMIC) Jan E. Leighley, 2003.Mass Media and Politics: A Social Science Perspective (New Directions in Political Behavior). 1 Edition. Cengage Learning Khalil Rinnawi, 2006.Instant Nationalism: McArabism, al-Jazeera, and Transnational Media in the Arab World. Edition. UPA Michael D. MurrayAnthony J. Ferri, 1992.Teaching Mass Communication: A Guide to Better Instruction (Media and Communications; 34). Edition. Praeger. Nancy Weatherly Sharp, 2015.Communications Research: The Challenge of the Information Age. 1 Edition. Syracuse University Press Rowland Lorimer, 1994.Mass Communications: A Comparative Introduction. Edition. Manchester Univ Pr. Simon J. Potter, 2012.Broadcasting Empire: The BBC and the British World, 1922-1970. 1 Edition. Oxford University Press Sherwyn P. Morreale, 2006.Human Communication: Motivation, Knowledge, Skills. 2 Edition. Cengage Learning Stanley J. Baran, 2008.Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. 5 Edition. Cengage Learning Pippa Norris, 2002.Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism. Edition. Cambridge University Press Thomas Elsaesser, 1994.Writing for the Medium: Television in Transition (Film Culture in Transition). 1 Edition. Amsterdam University Press Towson University. 2017.Department of Mass Communication Communication Studies | Towson University. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.towson.edu/cofac/departments/communication/. [Accessed 07 April 2017]

People Communication free essay sample

One of the main reasons that people communicate is to understand each other. Without the ability to communicate nobody would understand what is expected of them and we wouldn’t know the needs of others. People also communicate to share their wants, needs and feelings. In order for us to adequately care for someone we need to know and understand what they expect from us and how they feel about different situations. Without communication we wouldn’t be able to have a conversation therefore wouldn’t know anybody’s likes or dislikes. We communicate to give and receive support and to express our thoughts, ideas and information. By doing all of this we also make and develop relationships through communicating. Aii) a) Effective communication can affect relationships in a positive way. It helps to ensure that the needs of each individual are met. When sharing information it helps to avoid misunderstandings, which will create a stronger relationship between colleagues and other professionals. We will write a custom essay sample on People Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It will also help to built trust and respect. ) Effective communication can also affect relationships between individuals using the service and their carers. If the individual understands what the carer is doing is will help create a calmer and positive atmosphere which will eventually help to build a strong relationship between the carer and the individual. It will also help the carer to understand the needs and feelings of the individual. Aiii) There are many ways to find out the communication and language needs of an individual. One way is to talk to the individual/observe the individual. Although if the individual is fully comprehendible this is a good method – if the individual is not able to speak, understand you or is confused the information you would receive could be wrong. Although I would immediately know if the individual is visually or hearing impaired. Another way is to talk to the family. This is a good way of finding out how they communicate with the individual, which will establish a familiarity for the individual. However this may not be the method of communication that the individual prefers. Another method would be to look in their care plan. This method is usually reliable and will have all the individuals past information in too, however it may not have been updated in awhile or may have been documented incorrectly due to human error and therefore will become ineffective. Aiv) When promoting effective communication you have to take into consideration a number of things. One of these is whether the individual understands you. Usually the individual will express either verbally or by facial expressions whether they understand you or not. Another factor to consider is the best method of communication with that particular individual. Obviously every one id different and will prefer to communicate in certain ways. For example, if you have an individual who is hard of hearing you could use a white board or sign language. Another factor to consider would be whether there were any language barriers. Av) There are many different methods and styles of communication that a social care worker may use. This may be verbal such as; Using a telephone – in this method only verbal communication is used as there is no body language to provide extra support. The only factors to consider with verbal communication is the tone and pitch that is used; Face to face – this verbal method is also supported by body language and facial expressions; Paraphrasing – where the social care worker will repeat what the individual has said to them to ensure they have heard correctly. To do this the care worker may re-word what the individual has said using more understandable vocabulary; Clarification – where the social care worker will sum up the conversation to ensure they have understood and Open questions – this method required more than a yes or no answer. There are also non-verbal methods such as; Sign language or lip reading – this is very effective with individuals who are hard of hearing; E-Mail – this method is good when communicating with other professionals, members of staff or the individual’s family; Pen and paper/ whiteboard – this method would be good for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing who don’t understand sign language. Using gestures is also another good behavioural method of communicating and can be used with either verbal communication or non-verbal. Avi) It is important to respond to an individual’s reaction when communication as you can ensure that they have understood you. This will help to develop a stronger relationship and will allow the individual to feel heard and accepted. Avii) An individual’s background will influence their communication methods greatly. For example, if an individual hasn’t been listened to in the past or has been ignored then they won’t feel that they will be listened to now. It also depends how they communicated in their hometown. For example, if they’re from somewhere where everyone spoke fast they will have difficulty having a conversation with someone who spoke slowly. However they would continue to talk fast irrespective of the community they now live in. Depending on where in the UK they’re from will also depend on what accent they have – this can lead to a possible communication barrier as many people find it difficult to understand people with strong accents. If they are from another country then they will have another language that they speak and may find it difficult to learn a new language or to understand what is being communicated to them. Therefore they may use a translator or if they are able to write in their new language they would use a non-verbal communication method. Aviii) There are many different communication barriers. One being language differences. To overcome this you may get in an interpreter or allow the individual to have language lessons to help them understand. You could also use makaton or sign language if the individual was able to understand that method or use body language and gestures to help. Another communication barrier could be a physical barrier. To overcome this you would need to identify the preferred method of communication – this could be body language, gestures, eye contact, physical touch, facial expressions, spoken language, makaton or sign language, writing, drawing or pictures. Another barrier could be cultural differences. To overcome this you could have to check each individuals record to ensure you are aware of which culture they are from. You could also speak to a family member, friends or someone else who is form the same culture to learn and understand a bit more about it or use the internet to look it up. Aix) A strategy that you could use to clarify misunderstandings that you may have would be to ask verbally if the individual understood what you were communicating to them and then repeat yourself if they haven’t fully understood. You could also get another carer/person to explain it to them or try a different method of communication such as writing/ drawing/ makaton etc. Ax) To enable a more effective communication with individuals you could use their preferred spoken language or use signs, symbols, objects or write it down for them. You would use the appropriate communication style to ensure you are communicating in a way which is sensitive to the in individuals needs, concerns and reactions. You could also ensure you allow the individual nough time to process and understand what is being communicated to them and ensure they have the correct communication aids that they needs for example hearing aids. If needed they could access extra support for example, interpreters or translators, signers or special equipment or aids to help the, understand. Task B Case Study Bi) Confidentiality means not sharing any information with anyone about someone else without their knowledge or agreement unless they are putting th emselves or someone else at risk. I would explain to Hannah that although she is an individual and has a right to choose whether or not she takes the tablet, she is putting her health at risk and therefore I would have to share the information with my manager to ensure that she stays healthy and safe. I would also tell Hannah that I won’t be sharing the information with her daughter unless she agreed to it. Bii) As Hannah is putting herself at risk a number of different people would need to be notified. These would include all the care staff and the senior carer, the manager and possibly her Nurse/ Doctor as they would be able to ensure her safety and help her to understand the benefits of taking her tablet. Although Hannah would be upset that I shared the information with other health care professionals, if her Daughter found out the strong relationship between them could potentially break down. Biii) Any information that is shared during work should remain at work and information shouldn’t be passed onto people who aren’t in a health care profession or working along side you. Any information regarding other individuals or staff members shouldn’t be discussed with other service users. All the residents information such as their care plans should be kept in a locked cupboard so they are out of reach from visitors and other residents. Information regarding an individual shouldn’t be passed out over the phone unless told by a senior member of staff and you should ensure that you can’t be overheard by anyone when talking about an individual or member of staff. Biv) A social care worker should get advice on confidentiality when they feel that someone is potentially at risk. If the care worker decides that keeping the information to themselves could cause harm to themselves, the individual or someone else then they should get further information. This can be found in the policies and procedures and their staff manual. They could also ask a senior member of staff or their manager.

Free Essays on Security Problems

Many people today are familiar with the Internet and its use. The Internet is a mass communication device and place for the freedom of mind and thoughts. It is an information source as well as a booming virtual market place for many businesses. The Internet is an enormous well of information that contains both good and bad. Computer porn is a major concern for parents of a household that have their children surfing the Internet in today’s world. Also, a large number of its users however, are not aware of the security problems they face when using the Internet. Most users feel they are anonymous when on-line, yet in actuality they are not. The user is free to browse and or transfer information with others and there are some very easy ways to protect the user from future problems. The Internet has brought many advantages to its users but has also created some major problems. The Government wants the Internet fully regulated, while those in academics want the Internet devoted exc lusively to scholarly research. This is where many moral and ethical questions arise concerning the Internet. Security is a major issue with the Internet because the general public now has access to it. When only the government and higher education had access, there was no worry about credit card numbers and other types of important data being taken. There are many advantages the Internet brings to its users, but there are also many problems with the Internet security, especially when dealing with personal security, business security, and the government involvement to protect the users. The Internet is a new, barely regulated frontier, and there are many reasons to be concerned with security. The same features that make the Internet so appealing such as interactivity, versatile communication and customizability ... Free Essays on Security Problems Free Essays on Security Problems Many people today are familiar with the Internet and its use. The Internet is a mass communication device and place for the freedom of mind and thoughts. It is an information source as well as a booming virtual market place for many businesses. The Internet is an enormous well of information that contains both good and bad. Computer porn is a major concern for parents of a household that have their children surfing the Internet in today’s world. Also, a large number of its users however, are not aware of the security problems they face when using the Internet. Most users feel they are anonymous when on-line, yet in actuality they are not. The user is free to browse and or transfer information with others and there are some very easy ways to protect the user from future problems. The Internet has brought many advantages to its users but has also created some major problems. The Government wants the Internet fully regulated, while those in academics want the Internet devoted exc lusively to scholarly research. This is where many moral and ethical questions arise concerning the Internet. Security is a major issue with the Internet because the general public now has access to it. When only the government and higher education had access, there was no worry about credit card numbers and other types of important data being taken. There are many advantages the Internet brings to its users, but there are also many problems with the Internet security, especially when dealing with personal security, business security, and the government involvement to protect the users. The Internet is a new, barely regulated frontier, and there are many reasons to be concerned with security. The same features that make the Internet so appealing such as interactivity, versatile communication and customizability ... Free Essays on Security Problems Many people today are familiar with the Internet and its use. The Internet is a mass communication device and place for the freedom of mind and thoughts. It is an information source as well as a booming virtual market place for many businesses. The Internet is an enormous well of information that contains both good and bad. Computer porn is a major concern for parents of a household that have their children surfing the Internet in today’s world. Also, a large number of its users however, are not aware of the security problems they face when using the Internet. Most users feel they are anonymous when on-line, yet in actuality they are not. The user is free to browse and or transfer information with others and there are some very easy ways to protect the user from future problems. The Internet has brought many advantages to its users but has also created some major problems. The Government wants the Internet fully regulated, while those in academics want the Internet devoted exc lusively to scholarly research. This is where many moral and ethical questions arise concerning the Internet. Security is a major issue with the Internet because the general public now has access to it. When only the government and higher education had access, there was no worry about credit card numbers and other types of important data being taken. There are many advantages the Internet brings to its users, but there are also many problems with the Internet security, especially when dealing with personal security, business security, and the government involvement to protect the users. The Internet is a new, barely regulated frontier, and there are many reasons to be concerned with security. The same features that make the Internet so appealing such as interactivity, versatile communication and customizability also make it an ideal way for someone to keep a care...

Understanding Primary and Secondary Groups in Sociology

Understanding Primary and Secondary Groups in Sociology The study of social groups is the main focus of many sociologists because these groups illustrate how human behavior is shaped by group life and how group life is affected by individuals. The two groups on which social scientists mainly focus are primary and secondary groups, called primary because they are a persons primary source of relationships and socialization or secondary because they are of less importance but still significant to the individual. What Are Social Groups? Social groups  consist of two or more people who regularly interact and share a sense of unity and common identity. They see each other often and consider themselves as part of the group. Most people belong to many different types of social groups. They could include family, neighbors, or members of a sports team, a club, a church, a college class, or a workplace. What social scientists are interested in is how the members of these groups relate and interact. Early American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley introduced the concepts of primary and secondary groups in his 1909 book  Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. Cooley was interested in how people develop a sense of self and identity through their relationships and interactions with others. In his research, Cooley identified two levels of social organization  that are composed of two different kinds of social structure. What Are Primary Groups? Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal, and intimate relationships that last a long time, maybe a lifetime. These relationships are deeply personal and loaded with emotion. The members typically include family, childhood friends, romantic partners, and members of religious groups who have regular face-to-face or verbal interaction and a shared culture and frequently engage in activities together. The ties that bind the relationships in primary groups are made up of love, caring, concern, loyalty, and support. These relationships play important roles in the formation of individuals sense of self and identity because these people are influential in the development of values, norms, morals, beliefs, worldview, and everyday behaviors and practices of all members of the group. The relationships play important roles in the process of socialization that people experience as they age. What Are Secondary Groups? Secondary groups comprise relatively impersonal and temporary relationships that are goal- or task-oriented  and are often found in employment or educational settings. While the relationships within primary groups are intimate, personal, and enduring, the relationships within secondary groups are organized around narrow ranges of practical interests or goals without which these groups would not exist. Secondary groups are functional groups created to carry out a task or achieve a goal. Typically a person becomes a member of a secondary group voluntarily, out of shared interest with the others involved. Common examples include coworkers in an employment setting or students, teachers, and administrators in an educational setting. Such groups can be large or small, ranging from all the employees or students within an organization to the select few who work together on a project. Small secondary groups such as these often disband after completion of the task or project. A secondary group does not exercise a primary influence over its members because they do not live in the presence and thoughts of one another. The average member plays a passive role, and the warmth of the relationships in primary groups is missing Primary Groups vs. Secondary Groups An important distinction between secondary and primary groups is that the former often have an organized structure, formal rules, and an authority figure who oversees the rules, members, and the project or task in which the group is involved. Primary groups, on the other hand, are typically informally organized, and the rules are more likely to be implicit and transmitted through socialization. While it is useful to understand the distinctions between primary and secondary groups and the different kinds of relationships that characterize them, its also important to recognize that there can be overlap between the two. For example, an individual could meet a person in a secondary group who over time becomes a close, personal friend or a romantic partner who becomes a spouse. These people become part of the individuals primary group. Such an overlap can result in confusion or embarrassment for those involved, for instance, when a child enters a school where a parent is a teacher or administrator or when an intimate romantic relationship develops between coworkers. Key Takeaways Here is a nutshell description of social groups and the distinctions between primary and secondary social groups: Social groups  include two or more people who interact and share a sense of unity and common identity.Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal relationships that last a long time.Secondary groups include impersonal, temporary relationships that are goal-oriented.Secondary groups often have an organized structure, an authority figure who oversees the rules, while primary groups are typically informally organized.There often is an overlap between primary and secondary groups that arises, for example, if an individual forms a personal relationship with someone in a secondary group. Sources: https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-social-groups-primary-secondary-and-reference-groups.html sociologydiscussion.com/difference-between/differences-between-primary-social-group-and-secondary-social-group/2232 https://quizlet.com/93026820/sociology-chapter-1-flash-cards/

Event Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Event Marketing - Assignment Example The organization will use a consistent selection method in every city. The site chosen for the event will be a public library within each city. The largest public library in each city will be the top choice for the event. The quantity of books in the libraries represents the wealth of knowledge that can be attained by developing a study habit and incorporating reading into the weekly routine. During the event the organization will have different guess celebrity speakers talking to the kids about their experience with reading and how much it has helped their lives. In order to attract a lot of kids to the event Read America will solicit the help of a non-profit organization called NBA Cares. NBA Cares is the National Basketball Association global community outreach initiatives that address important social issues such as education, family values, and poverty (Nba, 2011). The organization will select successful retired basketball players who are icons in each city. The retired players that will be speakers at the event are Earvin â€Å"Magic† Johnson, Alonzo Mourning, Patrick Ewing, Michael Jordan, and Larry Bird.

ECONOMOC LEVERS. A TOOL TO SAVE THE SHRINKING ECONOMY Essay

ECONOMOC LEVERS. A TOOL TO SAVE THE SHRINKING ECONOMY - Essay Example Adam Smith represents classical, Alfred Marshal represents the neo-classical school of thoughts and the moderns are represented by Lionel Robbins. Adam smith (1723-1790) who is known as a father of economics, in his work "An enquiry into the causes and nature of wealth of nations" defined economics first time in 1776. He, defining economics said that: The above mentioned book of Smith has been divided into four parts; Consumption, production, exchange and distribution of wealth. He came up with an opinion that the wealth, goods and services are produced in every country in accordance with the laws. Concerning the exchange and with regard to distribution of wealth, he developed some laws for mutual exchange and with regard to distribution of wealth. The concept of wealth given by Smith was misinterpreted as well as misunderstood therefore, Ruskin and Carlyle, the renowned social reformers of their own time, declared economics a dismal (negative) branch of knowledge. They said that Smith's definition motivates the people for "wealth worship and make them selfish". Wealth is the mean to reach the end not the end in itself. After the criticism of Ruskin and Carlyle on Smith's theory Alfred Marshall came into play and rectifying many faults and defined economics in a different way. He said: "Economy is the study of man's action in the ordinary business of life. It enquires, how does he get his income and how does he use it. More precisely, "Economics tells how to earn money and how to consume it" (Heather, 2000) Prof. Robbins developed a new definition of economics. As per him: "Economics is the study of human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses". There are three pillars of Robin's theory which help it to sustain and be considered. These pillars are mentioned below. Wants are unlimited and so they compel us to select very urgent wants for having maximum satisfaction. The means, to satisfy these unlimited wants, are limited and create the problem of scarcity. As the means can be used alternatively, a new problem of choice is created. Let's understand this concept with an example: suppose a buyer reaches the market with limited money in his pocket to purchase, then he faces the problem of choice. In other words, he has to take a decision what to purchase and what not to (Harvey 1996) Economic Levers There are a number of economic levers which can be used to keep the economy back on track. We will discuss some of them and analyze that how it helps to aid the economy (Alois & Perelman, 1994). 1. Deflation 2. Devaluation 3. Price Trend 4. Nationalization 5. Liquidity Preference 6. Fiscal policy 7. Rate of interest 8. Employment rate 9. Global Trade. 1. Deflation: When a decrease in the prices of the commodities and goods occur then we can

The Daimler Chrysler Case Essay Example for Free

The Daimler Chrysler Case Essay QUESTION 1: How would you evaluate Daimler’s choice of partner/target? What is in your opinion the main reason for the troubles in integrating the two companies? The Daimler-Chrysler merger represent an example of poor partner selection when engaging in cross-border collaboration. Cultural and strategic differences between the two companies have significantly affected the outcome of the merger and should have been taken into consideration in the target choice phase. Strategic objectives of the two companies are opposite, with Daimler focusing on high-end, high-performance segment, and brand protection, and Chrysler focusing on more affordable and comfortable vehicles. Differences in organizational cultures, flexible and innovative on the Chrysler side, structured and bureaucratical on the Daimler side, have also played a significant role in the failure of the merger. Differences in executives pay, national regulations of governance structures and different degree of executives involvement, contributed to make the conflict even more harsh(see Appendix). Although cultural differences may be identified as the most plausible cause of DaimlerChrysler merger failure, the cause of the negative outcome is rooted in the ex ante selection and negotiation phase. Negotiations have been mainly carried on by companies’ presidents with few, if any, executives involved in the process. No consideration has been given to business differences and no agreement on the new venture structure and culture has been discussed beforehand. Moreover, while the outcome of negotiations was presented as a merger, it was more of a Daimler acquisition of Chrysler. This misbehavior was the origin of main management flaws. In fact the creation of a board with equal number of the companies’ executives and the simultaneous differences in executive pay and titles, created confusion among the employees about the nature of the relationship. When Daimler tried to take the lead of the new venture in this context, it lacked necessary leadership to effectively ma nage the company. Strategic objectives eventually clashed, due to Daimler unwillingness to give up its high-end image in order to adapt to Chrysler culture. Again, this is the result of a general failure in identifying the most appropriate partner to pursue the company’s objectives. Daimler also lacked a comprehensive analysis of business culture differences between the companies’ employees. A thorough analysis would have showed that the differences in the nature of the processes adopted by the companies could have caused significant problems when coming to the integration of the new venture. QUESTION 2: If you could turn back time and start all over again, what advice would you give to Schrempp and Eaton before the merger? Should they have considered an alliance? If so – would they be good partners for each other? Why, or why not? In order to ensure a better outcome of their merger both Daimler-Benz and Chrysler should have conducted a more extensive analysis of the partner/target culture and strategic objective and should have evaluated how these factors could have complemented their current competitive advantages. Although the merger objective was to create synergies by exploiting the two companies capabilities, one of the unspoken objectives was to take their respective products to foreing markets. In this view, Daimler choice of merging with Chrysler is seriosly flawed. The German company strongly relies on high-end products and on fancy brand image, while Chrysler targets a low-end segment. Also the integration of product lines has been flawed, as for example Jeep conveys an idea of ruggedness, insted of a luxury one. In this respect it would have been reasonable to choose a partner which deals with similar line of products in order to exploit its knowledge of the market and its distribution channels, rather than a partner like Chrysler which deals with a completly different market segment. The choice of an high-end segment oriented partner could have also contributed to reduce differences in business culture. In fact, companies which market similar product lines are likely to share similar processes and structures and hence similar business culture. On the integration side, negotiating the new venture structure and line of authority beforehand could have helped solving cultural issues. Determining such structure beforehand would have reduced uncertainties in executives roles and misunderstandings between corporate cultures. In order to make this effective I would suggest that executives from the two firms to be involved in the process, so as to develop a strong committment to the new entity’s success(BeamishBartlett, 2011). In addition, the role of the two firms should have been clarified, as this uncertainty lead to major management flaws, with each of the side trying to impose their view of the business on the other. In conclusion I wouldn’t recommend Daimler to choose Chrysler as a target. The differences in strategic objectives and culture are too big for the merger to succeed, especially given the unwillingness of Daimler executives to be open-minded toward the new culture. An automotive enterprise focused on the same segment as Daimler’s(which could eventually share some of the same processes and culture) is more recommended to achieve synergies. However, if the deal has to be made, I would reccomend to start with a temporary alliance and to remain flexible, so as to renegotiate the agreement as strategic objectives evolve and as trust is built among organizations (BeamishBartlett, 2011). References * C.A.Bartlett, P.W.Beamish, â€Å"Transnational management†, McGraw-Hill, 2011 * D.C.St. Jean, â€Å"DaimlerChrysler merger: the quest to create â€Å"One Company†Ã¢â‚¬ , Babson College, 2000

An Inspector Calls - Write fully about one of the characters in the play. :: English Literature:

An Inspector Calls - Write fully about one of the characters in the play. Write fully about one of the characters in the play. Take into account what they have done before the play begins as well as their actions, words and attitudes during the course of the play. Write about the way attitudes, moods and opinions change and develop during the course of the action on the stage. An Inspector Calls is a play with many social and political messages. J. B. Priestley believed a great deal in socialism and he used several of his plays to try and influence people to his way of thinking. It was written in a time when Britain was ruled by a Labour government and socialist policies were seen as the way forward. It was a popular way of thinking at that time so Priestley's aim for the play was probably to teach the unconvinced. The play is set in the house of the Birling family. As soon as the curtains open, it is clear that the family is wealthy because there is high quality furniture and decoration in the house in which the play is set. The family use their house as a status symbol and have decorated it in a way so as to reflect their wealth. We learn this from the "few imposing but tasteless pictures" which will probably have been chosen because they were expensive, not because they were liked. These pictures also tell us that the Birlings are proud of their wealth and think themselves to be very important but lack the good taste which is present in those who are socially superior to them. The house is described as being "substantial and comfortable and old-fashioned, but not cosy and homelike." This setting suggests that the family are uncomfortable with each other and therefore suggests problems. We gather from the Birling family they are of an upper-middle social class, who think themselves to be of a very high status. Eric Birling the character I am going to focus on does not seem to be understood by the rest of the characters. His sister Sheila and he are still treated as if they were still children "What an expression, Sheila! Really the things you girls pick up these days!" Mr and Mrs Birling have a lack of understanding of the younger generation, particularly their offspring. They try to control their lives as this was the norm with generations prior to theirs, "Just let me finish, Eric. You've a lot to learn yet." Here we can see that the elders in the family have the first and last say in many matters.

American Film History 1930-60

The chief technological innovation during the 1930s was the development of deep focus cinematography. Deep focus involved the expansion of depth of field, resulting in images that maintained sharp focus from objects in the extreme foreground to those in the distant background. Deep focus was achieved by filming with extremely wideangled lenses whose apertures had been stopped down. This sort of cinematography was made possible by a variety of developments in related fields of film technology.In 1939 the introduction of lens coatings, which permitted 75 per cent more light to pass through the lens to the film inside the camera, enabled cinematographers to decrease the lens aperture an additional stop, facilitating greater image definition. The results of these developments can be seen in Orson Welles’ Citizen Kane (1941). This and other films which were shot in exteriors took advantage of relatively short focal-length lenses and abundant sunlight to produce ‘deep' images. According to this new code, the film stock's greater sensitivity to the full range of colours signified a greater realism.On Citizen Kane the Toland style is most pronounced, most systematically and effectively employed, and most widely recognized. Although he had been refining his methods in the films with Wyler and Ford, Toland had yet satisfactorily to combine his technical and stylistic interests within a single picture. He saw Citizen Kane as a chance to experiment on a large scale. In a June 1941 article in Popular Photography entitled â€Å"How I Broke the Rules on Citizen Kane†, Toland related that ‘the photographic approach †¦was planned and considered long before the first camera turned', which was itself ‘most unconventional in Hollywood', where cinematographers generally have only a few days to prepare to shoot a film. Robert L. Carringer, in his indepth sudy of the production, writes that Welles and Toland ‘approached the film together in a spirit of revolutionary fervor', and that ‘Welles not only encouraged Toland to experiment and tinker, he positively insisted on it' (Nowell-Smith 45). The work indicated something of a shift to a more documentary-style realism.Citizen Kane was, then, an opportunity for Toland to make flamboyant deep focus identified with his own work. Welles had come to Hollywood with no professional film experience, and (according to Welles) Toland had sought out the Kane assignment. After the filming was completed, Toland was at pains to claim several innovations. For greater realism, he explained, many sets were designed with ceilings, which required him to light from the floor. Since the sets were also deep, he relied on the carrying power of arc lamps.Furthermore, since Welles and Toland had decided to stage action in depth, Toland sought great depth of focus by using Super XX film, increasing the lighting levels, and using optically coated wide-angle lenses (Bordwell 45). The result s hifted the traditional limits of deep space. In yielding a depth of field that extended from about eighteen inches to infinity, Toland's ‘pan-focus' made it possible to have a sharp foreground plane in medium shot or even close-up and still keep very distant background planes in focus. Fifty years on, Kane remains contentious.French critic Andre Bazin, who saw it in 1946 at the same time as Italian neo-realism, argued that its extensive use of deep focus promoted the reality of the phenomenal world of the film, but subsequent critics have noted that the film is also highly self-conscious, artificial, and even baroque. The use of deep focus was not unique, and director of photography Gregg Toland had already experimented with it on other productions. Welles's role as ‘author' of the film has also been hotly contested, notably by Pauline Kael (1974), who argued, probably incorrectly, that the script was solely the work of Herman J.Mankiewicz. But even if Kane was not compl etely novel in its structures or techniques, it remains the fact that these techniques are masterfully integrated in the film's complex texture. Bazin, for example, argued that Citizen Kane was a film of high quality in that it was a film of realism. Realism was an axiom of his aesthetic position. But the statement which links this axiom with the specific aesthetic judgement of Citizen Kane raises problems. The realism of the film, Bazin argues, derives from its use of deep-focus photography and minimal cutting.Such techniques minimize fragmentation of the real world. The trouble is that this could be a definition of realism as nonfragmentation, or an assertion that films employing such techniques are perceived as more real. The latter, unlike the former, is open to empirical test, although Bazin uses it as a selfevident aesthetic judgement. Thus, although there is nothing inherently wrong with the argument, it does involve different sorts of statements with consequent different cri teria of adequacy.Bazin does share a considerable admiration for the achievements of Italian neo-realism; in particular. And yet Bazin rarely falls into the trap of seeming to formulate a puritan aesthetic which will include neo-realism at the expense of all else. Unlike Kracauer (formally, at least) he admits to different forms of realism. Thus, for example, the distinction he draws between the ‘documentary' realism of Scarface and the ‘aesthetic' realism of Citizen Kane, both forms allegedly finding their unification in La Terra Trema (Bordwell 90).This willingness to speak of different types of realism can lead to problems in interpreting his position. In Signs and Meaning in the Cinema, Wollen takes to task two contemporary inheritors of Bazin's views (Barr and Metz) over their opposition of Rossellini and Eisenstein. The villain for Bazin, he points out, was not Eisenstein, but German Expressionism. But the real problem is that at different times, and in different w ays, Bazin occupies both positions. He starts life invoking a case similar to Kracauer's in favour of a ‘purist' realism.But this proves too limiting for his much more catholic tastes, and so he also develops a second case as spatial realism. Unfortunately, he never really brings the two conceptions face to face; never really resolves the strains between them. It seems useful here to take a closer look at these basics of his argument: The realism of the cinema follows directly from its photographic nature. Not only does some marvel or some fantastic thing on the screen not undermine the reality of the image, on the contrary, it is its most valid justification.Illusion in the cinema is not based as it is in the theatre on convention tacitly accepted by the general public; rather, contrariwise, it is based on the inalienable realism of that which is shown. All trick work must be perfect in all material respects on the screen. The `invisible man' must wear pyjamas and smoke a cig arette (Bazin 108). Andre Bazin puts Welles in his pantheon of realist directors, along with Renoir, Rossellini, De Sica, Stroheim, Flaherty, and even Murnau (whom he praises for choosing the moving camera over editing in the construction of many of his filmic scenes).Yet Citizen Kane is also a film in the tradition of German Expressionism. Like Murnau, Welles externalized the subjectivity of his characters (and especially of Kane) by means of psychologically charged settings, acute camera angles, distorting lenses, and disconcerting camera movements (Tudor 56). The demented architecture of Xanadu in the mist-enshrouded shots at the beginning of the film recalls Howard Hawks’ Scarface (1932). Near the end of the film both Susan and Kane are dwarfed by the oversized ornaments and statuary that furnish Xanadu, and serve as external projections of Kane's inner deadness and mindless materialism.The gargantuan rooms through which their voices echo—they nearly have to shout at each other to be heard—reflect the distance that has grown between them. When Kane steps into an enormous blazing fireplace and informs Susan that â€Å"Our home is here,† he metaphorically becomes the host of hell. After Susan leaves him, Kane, now utterly alone, wanders past a structure of double reflecting mirrors which reflect his image into infinity. As far as he looks, all he can see are images of himself, a perfect physical representation for a man trapped within his own narcissism.Welles also used extreme camera angles and strange camera movements in conjunction with his expressive mise-en-scene. In the year of its release, Citizen Kane was a radically experimental film—fully twenty years ahead of its time—and was widely recognized as such by American critics. Citizen Kane is surely the most celebrated and analyzed of all English language films and, arguably, the greatest – at least as measured by periodic surveys of critics and scholars . We saw that in the 1940s a realist aesthetic somewhat modified classical practice. This was conceived as partly an ‘objective' verisimilitude, especially of setting and lighting.Location shooting, taken in conjunction with low-key (‘mood') lighting, helped define one distinct postwar cinematographic practice. This practice did not fundamentally violate classical principles of causal and generic motivation. This conception of ‘realism' also owed something to a standardization of deep-focus shooting. Certain traits became common to many ‘realistic' films of the 1940s and 1950s. Finally, Bazin sees both forms of realism in spatial realism of Welles. Certainly Citizen Kane preserves the unity of space through Toland's deep-focus photography.Certainly the cuts are minimized by use of dissolves and joins across the soundtrack. But Welles is, nevertheless, the true inheritor of expressionism, the specialist in the distortion by camera angle, the mysterious shadows once painted but now created through lighting, the grotesque, and the baroque. Works Cited Bazin, Andre, What is Cinema? op. cit. Bordwell, David, The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960. Routledge: London, 1988. Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1997. Tudor, Andrew, Theories of Film. Viking Press: New York, 1974.

Miss Havisham

My beloved sweetheart bastard. Jilted me, destroyed me and crushed me into broken red pieces. I stink and remember the day we were waiting for so long, but you then decide to run away. Why? Why did you do this to me? Was it because of me? Or was there something wrong? The wedding gown that I wore is decaying, rotting and disintegrating away as days past from that heart breaking day. Don't think it's the only the heart that b-b-b-breaks, the soul also b-b-b-breaks. I waited and waited and waited, but no sign from you. Where were you?You malevolent, wicked and corrupt man sent me through hell and allowed me to burn on that day and onwards. Do you really, really love me? I guess you don't pretty much since you incinerated me into sorrowful ashes and now I have nothing. It was you who did this to me; a red balloon bursting in my face. Bang. I stabbed at a wedding cake, hoping not to remember the day you Jilted me. Was it on purpose? I can change for you to come back my love. Please, plea se. I spend whole days in bed cawing Noon at the wall but not a day since then I haven't wished you dead.Prayed for it so hard Vive dark green pebbles for eyes, ropes on the back of my hands I could strangle with. Just give me a male corpse for a long slow honeymoon, better if the corpse was you. There are so much permanent marks on my body that even a whole year wouldn't be enough to count all of it. My mouth is getting drier and drier each day when I think of you, thirsty for your blood. Some nights better, dreaming that you would come back for me, I Just beg you to come back so I can release all the agony and pain you pierced Into my heart onto you.Puce curses that are sounds not words. Some nights better, the lost body over me, my fluent tongue In Its mouth In Its ear then down till I suddenly bite awake. Sometimes I ask myself who did this to me? You see I have so many questions In my mind to be answered but not a single one have been answered for 20 years. My love, all I want to do is to Just strangle you till you feel my agonizing pain and It will soon be your turn but beware there's a burning ember scorching In my heart, waiting to be unleashed and trust me It will be more devastating than what you have done to me.Miss Having By Kent to come back so I can release all the agony and pain you pierced into my heart onto me, my fluent tongue in its mouth in its ear then down till I suddenly bite awake. Sometimes I ask myself who did this to me? You see I have so many questions in my all I want to do is to Just strangle you till you feel my agonizing pain and it will soon be your turn but beware there's a burning ember scorching in my heart, waiting to be unleashed and trust me it will be more devastating than what you have done to me.

The Possible Problems of Balkan Accession to the European Un essays

The Possible Problems of Balkan Accession to the European Un essays Though this paper is meant to address a current event pertaining to the European Union, it is difficult to explain some things without delving into the past. This paper deals not with a single concrete event, but rather a process that could have deep implications for the European Union. This process involves one of the most ethnically diverse, and unfortunately, most volatile regions of the globe: the Balkans. This paper will briefly address the past histories of the Balkans and the European Union. It will also attempt to explain the possibilities for internal conflict once the Balkan states, particularly the Yugoslav successor states, attain EU membership. Finally, it will evaluate the pros and cons of EU expansion into the Balkans, as well as ways to evade the potential problems of expansion into such an unstable region. The modern European Union was created in 1952 in an attempt to deter war through economic interdependence. Over the next few decades, the original 6 states gradually expanded into a 15-member bloc. Expansion was expressly encouraged in the various treaties governing the administration and functioning of the Union. The collapse of Soviet-style communism in Eastern Europe from 1989-1991 created a vast new pool of potential applicants determined to enter the European mainstream in order to escape their dark Soviet past. Indeed, for many of these states acceptance in the West was considered more urgent and more important than cooperation in the East, (Brown 266). The prevailing Western orientation of many of these states made acceptance easier than previously thought. Ironically, the state most accepted in the West prior to the collapse of communism, Yugoslavia, became a pariah even before the Iron Curtain lifted. As other East European states applied to join the European Union , Yugoslavia descended into ethnic chaos reminiscent of the late 19th Century. Had Yugoslavia remained whole and ...

Asserting Ethnic Identity and Power Through Language Essay Example for Free

Asserting Ethnic Identity and Power Through Language Essay Week-1 The linguistic ideology at work here is founded both on the concept of the ‘mother tongue’ as well as on the ‘one nation, one language’ principle. Communities on the western side of the border are not interested in learning the language of their eastern neighbors. Eastern communities, on the other hand, are strongly motivated to learn western languages. The importance attributed to English as the ‘language of globalization’ is common to both sides. We can actually say that ‘language’ is a very hot and recurrent issue for some communities: namely the German-speaking community in Bernstein (D), the Czech-speaking community in Vejprty (CS), the German-speaking and Slovenian-speaking communities in Eisenkappel/Z? elezna Kapla (A),etc. The term ‘mother tongue’ is often used – forms the ‘way of thinking’ of its speakers, and thus the different ‘mentalities’ and ‘national characters’ are connected with the use of different languages. Many informants are convinced that it is the ‘mother tongue’ which determines thought, social behavior, and exhibition or control of affection and emotions. Thus the confrontation between languages automatically becomes a clash of mentalities. For example, the German-speaking community in Ba? renstein finds there is a relation between the insurmountable difficulty in pronouncing and learning the Czech language and the incomprehensibility of the words Czech-speaking people produce. People in western communities explain this widespread knowledge by saying that ‘the Others’ need to know my language, because my language is the superior One. We can also find indices of implicit prestige in many interview quotes, like ‘my language is useful to find a job’, ‘my language is more international than theirs’, ‘it represents a symbol of upward social mobility’; ‘the importance of my language forces them to learn it, and in this way they show practical sense, intelligence and cleverness, because they well know that the knowledge of the languages spoken on both sides of the border offers more professional and economic opportunities’. People are not generally interested in learning the language of the ‘Other’, and the reason is, as we have already seen, its ‘uselessness’, or its low value on the ‘language market’. They only learn what they need in their commercial transactions. Europe is a multilingual continent in which the tension between linguistic pluralism and assimilation is quite evident at present. Week-2 The topic for this week was â€Å"Creation of a Sense of Belonging through Language†, which we found very much interesting as we have to present our own explanation, views and thoughts. The topic is about Finland, Iceland and Latvia. Firstly we discussed about Finland that Swedish-speaking people along the coastlines, spoke a non-Scandinavian language, namely Finnish. The Finnish language was to become the most effective medium in the nation-building process as well as the most important criterion in creating an awareness of a collective identity. Language became a defining characteristic towards the ‘outside’ and a communicative driving force on the ‘inside’ within the great diversity of local and regional cultures. We could say that for the process of nation-building in Finland during the 19th century two main deficits had to be overcome: sovereign state structures had to be developed and an individual Finnish national consciousness had to be formed. In the process of spreading a Finnish national consciousness – a development often associated with the term ‘awakening’ as in a religious experience – the main focus was directed towards the common people, their language and culture. Finland’s modest cultural life, Finnish had gained the status of a modern cultural and scientific language. The civil servants, scholars, and many artists, continued to use Swedish as their language of communication and publication. But Finnish steadily gained ground. Many people were already, or became, bilingual. The accusation that Finnish was ‘too primitive’ was defeated by generating new terms, which proved that the language was innovative and possessed the potential for development. In the discussion about Iceland by Halfdanarson. The text tells a story of Icelandic nationalism and the struggle for independence of Iceland under Danish rule. Halfdanarson points out the rare case of Icelandic nationalism, and it’s non-violent nature. In fact, according to the article, both Iceland’s struggle for independence and the Danish reactions to it were both surprisingly pacific in nature, partly because of the idea of shared past and cultural heritage between the two countries. There are certain elements in common with the case study of Iceland and Herder’s text, such as the idea of mystic, shared past of a nation, the role of the single language of a social group forming the nation and so on. I think especially in cases like Iceland, language and linguistic identity have essential role in formation of national identity. Iceland is isolated, both in geographical terms as an island in the middle of Atlantic ocean and in terms of language. Although Icelandic is a language related to scandinavian languages, it still differes from them quite a lot. And lastly There was a question that is it possible to have a single language in whole Europe? We think its not possible to have a single langage in the whole Europe as there are many different countries with their own languages from last hundreds of years. In Europe, People communicate with each other using the shared language of their group. The group might be as small as a couple (married or unmarried partners, twins, mother and daughter etc. who share a ‘private’ language where only they know the meaning of some words) or as large as a nation, where everyone understands the allusions in their shared language (often allusions to shared history, to contemporary events, to media people of fact or fiction etc). The ‘secret’ language of the smallest group and the ‘public’ language of the national group are two ‘varieties’ of the same language. Every social group, large or small, has its own language variety, (regional groups have varieties of the national language (as opposed to regional or minority languages) which are usually called ‘dialects’) and there is overlap among all the varieties. However there is a possibility to use English as a second language as use of English gives a considerable advantage to the 13 % of EU citizens who are native English speakers, and to speakers of closely related languages (German, Dutch, Danish and Swedish), over all other Europeans. Week-3 In the week 3, we learned about ‘Language and subjective identity’. The two articles were on Franz Kafka and Simone de Beauvoir. Franz Kafka was German though he never lived among the Germans. He was then living in Prague, Czech. Hence Kafka knew both Czech & German languages. But, he preferred Czech Language as he was of the view that one could express his/her feeling in a better way in a particular language. In this case, he thought that Czech was a better language than German to express his feelings. Franz Kafka was in love with Czech translator Milena Jesenka. He used to demand Milena to write him letters in Czech language than German. He belived in a approach â€Å"belongs to a language†. When Milena replied his letters in Czech, he believed that Czech was much more affectionate, which removes all the uncertainties, he could see his lover more clearly, the movements of her body, her hands quickly which almost resembled as they both are meeting. This shows how Kafka prefered Czech more than German. Kafka encouraged his favourite sister Ottla in her marriage to Josef David, a Czech Catholic, against the opposition of parents and relatives, and wrote affectionately to his new brother-in-law in fluent Czech. For Prague Jews of Kafka’s generation, language and identity could be painfully dissonant. In Kafka’s case, this dissonance reached deep into his own family, conferring an alien quality on the most intimate of human relationships. Franz Kafka died of tuberculosis in 1924. He is buried beside his parents in the family plot in Prague’s New Jewish Cemetery. Simone de Beauvoir is a French Women. She was French writer, political activist, feminist, and social theorist. She gave her whole life for feminine rights and equality with men in Society. Beauvoir was an outstanding student. She did her postgraduate work at the Ecole Normale Superieure, the top postgraduate program in France, where she met Jean Paul Sartre. When World War II broke out in September 1939, Sartre was called for military service. He became a prisoner of war when the French army surrendered, but he was released and both Beauvoir and Sartre participated in the resistance, and after the Vichy Regime dismissed Beauvoir from her teaching position, she began a novel about the resistance. When the war ended, Beauvoir and Sartre became part of a group of leading French intellectuals, who concerned themselves with the perceived failures of modern French society. they founded Les Temps modernes as a means to explain their social and cultural views. At the same time, Sartre suggested to Beauvoir that she undertake a book on the status of women, and she published, La deuxieme sexe (The Second Sex). This was her most famous, and influential book. It became a sourcebook of modern feminism, particularly in the United States for later feminist thinkers such as Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem. De Beauvoir used very specific and effective and powerful words to underline her matter. She is willing to deploy language and words towards others, because she knows about â€Å"a manner in which her body and her relation to the world are modified through the action of others than herself†. Asserting Ethnic Identity and Power Through Language. (2016, Oct 22). 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Observation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Observation - Assignment Example After calling the pharmacy to consult on the use of aspirin during pregnancy, the following observations were made; the phone was answered after 3 minutes. First the phone was answered by machine, but after following the instructions, it was immediately re-directed to a real person who was fluent in English. The person who answered was very respectful and asked how they could help. After sharing the question, they requested to get some more background information first before proceeding to answer the question. The person was knowledgeable and helpful but seemed to follow a set of questions or a certain protocol while interacting. Out of five, Walgreen deserves to be ranked number three because of its proper services and adherence to protocol. The following recommendations would assist in fixing customer service deficiency; Walgreens contact centre provides its clients with access to a comprehensive array of medical services, all of which are offered through one phone call. In conventional consultation, one doctor is only able to cater for one specialty area, while the contact centre provides access to all the services available in the facility. This benefits the customer and improves their experience in using the services of Walgreens. Similar to the need of having well informed agents at the introductory point of contact in the hospital, the customer care agents have sufficient information on the operations of the hospital (Calvert, 2004). Walgreens customer care agents handle a wide range of cases and are able to perform different tasks over the phone while still communicating with the client. They can trace a client in the facility, schedule appointments with the doctor for the caller, among other crucial tasks. Contact centre staffs are regularly the first face of the medical facility. Walgreens customer care agents are well

Reaction paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction paper 2 - Essay Example In the letter, King attempts to convince the ministers of the rationality of his actions and points out why they are necessary if natural ‘human goodness’ and morality were to be given a chance. Arguing that everyone, white and black, possessed natural ‘human goodness’, King points out that most white people, particularly in the north, had not heard or were perhaps not noticed the desperate condition of the black people of the South following the Emancipation Proclamation. Although they were free, they had to try to support themselves in a world that legally segregated them from the means of doing this. Only by forcing attention on the issues, through non-violent protest, would the black people be able to gain the attention of the white people and still illustrate that there was no justification for this oppression. Only by appealing to white people, who held all the power, could change be forced through the political process. Adhering to St. Augustine’s contention that â€Å"an unjust law is no law at all†, King insisted that non-violent protests such as those he was organizing were not breaking the law but were instead adhering to a higher moral and ethical law. The segregation laws were directly counter to the Supreme Court ruling regarding equality to people of color because they were applied only to black people. He argued that to break an unjust and immoral law is thus acting in a moral and just manner for the good of the community, especially if this can be completed in a peaceful, kindly manner. This, he argued, was a necessary action because the tension in the black community was continuing to build and would soon rage out of control into violent action. Peaceful protest provided both the necessary outlet for these emotions as well as brought positive attention to the plight of his community. At the end of his letter, King criticizes the church leaders

Media Bias in War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Media Bias in War - Essay Example The media – which include print and electronic means of communication such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio and the internet – are not immune from such overarching impact of war. In particular, when their own people, ethnic groups, and countries are involved in the war, war reporters and media organizations can hardly remain unbiased unless they are prepared to be called unpatriotic and get demonized Actually, war affects media organizations and their war reporters more than many other segments of warring societies. War reporters have to gather news from the dangerous frontlines where many them lose their lives every year at the hand of one or the other party to war. If a reporter is killed by one side deliberately or accidently, media organizations and the public, out of spontaneous human instinct, often blame the killers and their side and project them in a bad light. Even when a war has not directly affected reporters and media outlets in such fashion, it influences them directly or indirectly in so many other ways. For instance, the death or deployment of a relative or friend in the frontline and disruption of their own plans, like a much-coveted trip, due to war might dilute the neutrality of reporters. When war affects individuals personally, their first instinctive reaction would be to blame the party that they perceive guilty of starting the war and causing them hardships. So much so that human beings blame the boulder when they stumble on it and hurt themselves rather that blaming themselves for not taking caution to avoid hitting it. Besides, so many other factors also often influence reporters and dilute their objectivity and neutrality. Such factors include personal links, philosophical conviction, media organizations’ mission and motto, cultural connections, geographical proximity, conditions in which reporting is done, sympathy for the underdog, etc. Individual reporters, due to their personal links to one of the pa rties to war or ethical and philosophical conviction, might have their own angles and biases to view a war or the parties engaged in it. For instance, one of the parties to war could be their ancestral country that occupies a special place in their heart. Reporters might also have a soft corner for one country more than other because of their experience or because of what they have read or been told by seniors and friends. Philosophically, they could innately be pro-war or anti-war. An anti-war reporter would begin by blaming the party that has started the war, even though there might have been sufficient underlying provocation from the other party. Confronted with the duty of war reporting, reporters’ first instinct would be to apply their ingrained bias based on their links, acquired wisdom and conviction and assign the blame on the perceived bad guy. Even the most dedicated and honest journalist cannot be free from these elements of bias in war reporting. Rational decision s of individual war reporters and other media players collectively put out lies, half-truths and disinformation that encourages war and discourages conflict resolution (Russ-Mohl). This explains why different reporters come up with different narratives for the same event. Such differences might also occur due to the motto, mission and orientation of media organization